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Moses was the national leader of the Jews in the 13th century BC. Historians think he is the founder of Judaism. It is considered to be an extremely important prophet in religions such as Judaism, Christianity, Islam and the Bahá'í Faith. According to the inheritance of the Israelites, the Torah is written by him.

In Exodus, Moses was led by the Lord, and the enslaved Hebrews fled from ancient Egypt to a rich land: the land of Canaan. After more than 40 years of hard work, he died when he was about to reach his destination. Under the leadership of Moses, the Hebrews got rid of the tragic life of slavery, learned to obey the Ten Commandments, and became the first nation in history to honor a single religion.

The statue of Moses is the summary of the entire monument, planned but never fully realized as the tomb of Julius II. It was intended for one of the six colossal figures that crowned the tomb. Elder brother to the Sistine Prophets, the Moses is also an image of Michelangelo's own aspirations, a figure in de Tolnay's words, "trembling with indignation, having mastered the explosion of his wrath".

The Moses was executed for Michelangelo's second project for the tomb of Julius II. Inspired perhaps by the medieval conception of man as microcosm, he brought together the elements in allegorical guise: the flowing beard suggests water, the wildly twisting hair fire, the heavy drape earth. In an ideal sense, the Moses represents also both the artist and the Pope, two personalities who had in common what is known as "terribilit". Conceived for the second tier of the tomb, the statue was meant to be seen from below and not as it is displayed today at eye-level.